(In
other words, left versus right. 😉)
Critical thinking. What is it? I’m sure to the MAGA mob mentality it’s some kind of insidious form of Marxism or "wokism". They would be wrong, as usual. Look at a Trump rally, where the Criminal President declares, “I love the poorly educated”. Their malevolent mendacious messiah can tell them any lie and they will believe it, regurgitate it, and even enforce it with violence.
Unfortunately they are not the only group that has never been concerned with critical thinking. It takes curiosity and effort to practice it. Many people have neither the time nor inclination to bother with it. To the functionally illiterate, intellectually lazy, and incurious masses it’s something completely off their radar. This is one of humanity’s gravest flaws. Without critical thinking humans are as easily herded as sheep. And, indeed they are. They will believe and follow authoritarian leaders, which has NEVER resulted in a more just, equal, prosperous, and stable democratic society.
Rational and civil discourse becomes impossible with cults and the willfully ignorant.
And the problem is it isn’t always just them. People with higher intelligence, or average intelligence like myself, can slip into authoritarian prejudice and bigotry, snap judgments, unconsidered impressions, and impulsive actions. Who among us has never said or done anything stupid? It’s very easy to forget to use an important tool for our own well-being, or survival.
Before further any discussion on critical thinking, let's have a look at stupidity.
Stupidity is knowing the truth, seeing the truth
but still believing the lies. And that is more infectious than any other
disease. —Professor Richard Feynman
Stupidity
is a more dangerous enemy of the good than malice. One may protest against
evil; it can be exposed and, if need be, prevented by use of force. Evil always
carries within itself the germ of its own subversion in that it leaves behind
in human beings at least a sense of unease. Against stupidity we are
defenseless. Neither protests nor the use of force accomplish anything here;
reasons fall on deaf ears; facts that contradict one’s prejudgment simply need
not be believed – in such moments the stupid person even becomes critical – and
when facts are irrefutable, they are just pushed aside as inconsequential, as
incidental. In all this the stupid person, in contrast to the malicious one, is
utterly self-satisfied and, being easily irritated, becomes dangerous by going
on the attack. For that reason, greater caution is called for when dealing with
a stupid person than with a malicious one. Never again will we try to persuade
the stupid person with reasons, for it is senseless and dangerous.
―
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Letters and Papers from Prison
Dietrich
Bonhoeffer was a German Christian theologian executed by the Nazis just days
before the end of WWII for his participation in a plot to assassinate Hitler.
~~~~~~~
Back to the original question. What is critical
thinking? Here are some definitions and insight.
Merriam-Webster defines it as, “the act
or practice of thinking critically (as by applying reason and questioning
assumptions) in order to solve problems, evaluate information, discern biases,
etc.”
~~~~~~
Critical Thinking as Defined by the
National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking, 1987
A statement by Michael Scriven &
Richard Paul, presented at the 8th Annual International Conference on Critical
Thinking and Education Reform, Summer 1987:
Critical thinking is the intellectually
disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying,
analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or
generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication,
as a guide to belief and action. In its exemplary form, it is based on
universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity,
accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons,
depth, breadth, and fairness.
~~~~~~
7 Steps For Critical Thinking
By Brendon Burchard
1. Identify the problem or question:
Define the exact issue or goal clearly and write out a precise problem
statement.
2. Gather relevant information: Collect
data, facts, and insights from multiple credible sources while avoiding gut
reactions.
3. Analyze and evaluate the data: Test the
information for accuracy, relevance, and reliability to filter out noise.
4. Consider alternative viewpoints: Look
at the issue from different perspectives and actively check for personal biases
or hidden assumptions.
5, Draw logical conclusions: Connect
causes and effects based purely on the evidence to formulate potential
solutions.
6. Communicate the solution: Share your
decision and the factual rationale clearly with others involved.
7. Reflect and learn: Review the results
after implementation to see what worked and improve future reasoning.
~~~~~~~
Inter-American Development Bank
Why Is Critical Thinking Important?
Critical thinking is a skill that has
applications in practically all aspects of daily life. It can help you make
better decisions, improve employability, and better understand the world. In
other words, critical thinking is a fundamental skill for being a 21st-century
citizen.
What Is Critical Thinking Used For?
Critical thinking has various
functionalities in everyday life, whether in fulfilling professional
obligations or carrying out personal activities. Thinking critically is used
to:
Make good decisions: it is important as an
exercise to analyze and evaluate sources of information based on their
truthfulness, relevance, and reasoning, which leads to better decision-making.
Ask or question before blindly accepting things as they appear, and form your
judgment based on the facts, information, and knowledge available.
Solve problems: use logic and reasoning to
analyze and deconstruct problems and choose the best solutions considering the
weaknesses and strengths of each alternative solution.
Promote creativity: this is one of the
main characteristics of critical thinking and is associated with the previous
point, by questioning facts, theories, or concepts, space is also opened up
which is very useful for developing new solutions to problems.
Improve employability: especially in the
digital age, where many jobs are being automated, there is consensus that
critical thinking and creativity are two fundamental skills for improving
people's employment prospects.
Digital and global citizenship: Critical
thinking plays a role in individual well-being, but above all, it is considered
an essential pillar of the functioning of modern democracies. The
ability to voice an independent and well-founded opinion to vote and weigh the
quality of arguments presented in the media and other sources of information.
In addition, when misinformation, fallacies, and fake news can be a problem for
democratic systems, critical thinking helps prevent the spread of false
information. It contributes verified, respectful, and ethical content to
digital communities and social networks.
~~~~~~~~
The Skeptical Inquirer
Richard Feynman famously said, “The first
principle is that you must not fool yourself, and you are the easiest person to
fool.” Science is how we correct for this tendency toward self-deception.
That’s why I spend the first third of the semester exploring how we come to our
beliefs, the limits of our perception and memory, the importance of skepticism,
the cognitive biases that can lead our thinking astray, and the logical
fallacies we use to convince ourselves (and others) that our conclusions are
justified.
Influential voices in the skeptical
community played a crucial role in shaping the ingredients of critical thinking
I use in Science for Life and Thinking Is Power, which include the following:
Being aware of our limitations:
Understanding that our perception and memory are flawed, and the biases and
heuristics our brains rely on to make fast and easy decisions can lead us
astray.
Arguing with evidence and logic: Using
arguments that are well-structured and supported by evidence. This includes
understanding how the different types of arguments work (i.e., deductive,
inductive, and abductive) and avoiding logical fallacies.
Thinking about our thinking
(metacognition): Actively examining and questioning our own thought
processes—including the source of our knowledge, assumptions, intuitions,
motivations, emotions, and biases—and how they might influence our judgments.
Embracing nuance and uncertainty: Avoiding
the black-or-white thinking that can lead to oversimplified conclusions and
accepting that our knowledge is never perfect or complete.
Seeking objectivity: Actively working to
counter the limitations that prevent us from accurately understanding the
world. This includes seeking diverse perspectives, separating our identity from
our beliefs, and prioritizing accuracy over ego.
Having curiosity and open-mindedness:
Possessing a desire to learn and understand by asking questions and seeking out
information, even if it contradicts what we want to believe.
Maintaining healthy skepticism: Balancing
gullibility and doubt and proportioning our beliefs to the available evidence.
And remembering that claims made without evidence can be dismissed without
evidence and extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
Exhibiting intellectual humility:
Recognizing the limitations of our knowledge, being open to the expertise of
others, and being willing to change our minds with evidence.
~~~~~~
We finally arrive at the "prime directive" and core value of critical thinking.
"Willing to change our minds with evidence". This is the unattainable basic requirement for critical thinking that eludes the authoritarian personality and MAGA mindset. I'd wager that not one Trumpist has read this far, yet will dump their willful ignorance, hate, and stupidity in response.
Any takers?